Sir William Petty at the Edward Worth Library

Physician Edward Worth’s library, housed in Dr Steeven’s Hospital, is home to various works by the English economist and philosopher, Sir William Petty (1623-87). As a member of the ‘Bacon-faced generation’ of intellectuals inspired by the efforts of Francis Bacon (1561-1626), Petty was of the belief that knowledge should be useful: he spent much of his life in pursuit of answers to questions no one else had thought to ask.^[1] That some of Petty’s works would find a home in Worth’s library is unsurprising–his collection of over 4,300 volumes boasts titles significant to the study of many different fields. Petty’s inclusion into this coveted collection provides evidence to both Worth’s personal and professional interests, as well as keen insight into the life of the enigmatic collector.

Early Life

Sir William Petty, by Isaac Fuller, oil on canvas, circa 1651, NPG 2924, © National Portrait Gallery, London.

The abolition of the English monarchy following the second English Civil War (1648)–and the subsequent rise of Parliamentarian leader Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658)–allowed for a complete reimagining of English society, which in turn led to a complete reimagining of Irish society. It was within these conditions that Sir William Petty pursued a remarkable career and amassed tremendous wealth. Born in 1623 at Romsey, Hampshire, Petty became an expatriate at an early age as a result of the conflict, and was profoundly impacted by the people and ideas he encountered abroad.^[2] He was especially impacted by time he spent in Paris, France, and the friendship he developed there with political philosopher Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), to whom he ultimately became personal secretary.^[3] Petty became enthralled with the Baconian pursuit of knowledge, and sought an education at Oxford, where he received a medical degree and multiple academic appointments.^[4] It was Hobbes who inspired him to follow Cromwell: ‘Hobbes therefore thought fit to make his submission to the Government of the Commonwealth … it can hardly be doubted that his conduct had a powerful influence in determining the course of Dr. Petty’.^[5]

Sir William Petty, Physician

Woodcut from A Wonder of Wonders being a faithful Narrative and true Relation of one Anne Green, who was condemned on the 14 Dec., and hanged in Oxford and was afterwards beg’d for an Anatomy by the physicians and recovered (London, 1651) depicting the hanging of Anne Green, which she survived. W. Burdet. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.

Through his connection to Hobbes, and German philosopher Samuel Hartlib (1600-62), Petty became increasingly committed to expanding his intellectual horizons.^[6] Petty spent years exploring the continent of Europe, wherein, as Gonçalo L. Fonseca argues, ‘[h]e pursued a variety of endeavors, working for an optician in Amsterdam, studying anatomy at Leyden, and consorting with other exiled luminaries. Most notable was Petty’s stay in Paris as private secretary to Thomas Hobbes, through whom Petty was introduced to the bubbling intellectual milieu of the French capital, most notably the circle of Abbé Mersenne [(1588-1648)]. It is during this sojourn that Petty absorbed the tidings of the scientific method and empiricism’.^[7] However, Petty longed for something more concrete, and decided to take the cessation of hostilities at home as a sign to embark upon a formal education at Oxford in 1646.^[8] On 7 March 1649, Petty became a ‘Doctor in Psychic’, before entering into the College of Physicians in London.^[9] As a physician, he made quite a name for himself, as ‘[i]n 1650 an event occurred which made his name known in the whole country and opened up the way to a larger career’.^[10] That year, Petty received national acclaim for his resuscitation of one Anne Greene, a young woman convicted of infanticide who had been hanged (but not killed). Anne’s body had been given to the physicians of the University of Oxford to dissect and luckily Petty and his colleagues noticed that she had in fact survived the hanging. Soon after, a short treatise titled News from the Dead (Oxford, 1650), which recounted the details of the miraculous event, was released. Petty was able to capitalize on his newfound celebrity, and acquired for himself his first professorship.^[11] The confidence awarded to Petty after the Anne Greene episode would not dim for the rest of his career.

While he would ultimately pivot from his medical pursuits to focus on political economy, Petty’s medical background provided him with the vocabulary and methodology with which to analyze economic matters.^[12] Throughout his career, Petty would attempt to better understand the ‘Body Politic’, and drew heavily upon William Harvey’s (1578-1657) ideas about the circulation of blood in the body to better understand how money supports the state.^[13]

Petty Arrives in Ireland

Levinus Hulsius, Tractactus primus [-tertius] Instrvmentvm mechanicorvm Leuinii Hvlsii (Frankfurt, 1605), plate facing p. 80 (detail). Men surveying.

In 1652, Petty arrived in Ireland to serve as Physician-General to the Parliamentary Army.^[14] Due to his remarkable intellect, it was not long before his capacities were expanded: he supplanted Surveyor-General Benjamin Worsley (1618-73) and began his work on the Down Survey, which, as Fitzmaurice notes, was the ‘first ever detailed land survey on a national scale anywhere in the world. The survey sought to measure all the land to be forfeited by the Catholic Irish in order to facilitate its redistribution to Merchant Adventurers and English soldiers’.^[15] The importance of mapping Ireland, then a colonial holding of England, cannot be overstated. Petty’s efforts helped solidify Oliver Cromwell’s project of confiscation and transplantation: as geographer William J. Smyth writes, ‘The story of mapping Ireland in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries is the story of English construction and conquest of Ireland’.^[16]

From there, Petty continued to build a life for himself on Irish soil. He came into possession of insurmountable wealth supported by his various Irish estates, the largest of which being in County Kerry.^[17] Following the Restoration of the English monarchy in 1660, Petty continued to thrive despite his association with Cromwell–Charles II confirmed Petty’s land holdings and knighted him following his ascension to the throne.^[18]

The Dublin Philosophical Society

The period that Petty enjoyed in Paris during his youth, and the encounters he had there, reverberated throughout the rest of his life. In London, he was a founder fellow of London’s intellectual circle, the Royal Society.^[19] There, he was able to grow in his philosophical and scientific understandings alongside prominent thinkers in each field. In 1683, he joined, and bolstered, the fledgling Dublin Philosophical Society, of which he was the inaugural president: ‘His name added prestige to the infant Dublin Society, and his support provided it with immediate contacts with contemporary English science’.^[20] It is possible, during his involvement with the Dublin Society, that he interacted with Edward Worth’s father Dean John Worth (1648-88), who was also a member.^[21]

Sir William Petty, Political Economist

During the latter part of his life, much of Petty’s work revolved around his occupation with the political economy, and the improvement of the state.^[22] Some of Petty’s most significant contributions to society came in the form of his economic scholarship. His attempts at understanding the political economies of England and Ireland led him to pen A Treatise of Taxes & Contributions (written and printed in 1662), The Political Anatomy of Ireland (written in 1672, published in 1691), Political Arithmetick (written 1672-6, published 1691), Further Observation Upon the Dublin-Bills (written 1683, printed 1686), and the Quantulumcunque concerning Money (written in 1682, printed in 1695),^[23] all of which are housed in the Worth Library. Petty’s contributions to the study of economics cannot be overstated–almost two centuries after Petty’s death, Karl Marx (1818-83) identified him, rather than Adam Smith (1723-90), as the father of political economy.^[24]

Sir William Petty, by and published by John Smith, after John Closterman mezzotint, 1696, NPG D30966, © National Portrait Gallery, London.

Petty died in 1687, aged 64. What he achieved during his lifetime can hardly be overstated: as James E. Banta writes, ‘Petty was born in the year 1623 in Romsey, England of lower middle class parents; however, by the time of his death in 1687 he had become a knight of the realm, founder of the Royal Society, and a friend of kings’.^[25] When Petty died, the country he had served was once again on the precipice of profound change, but it is likely that the savvy Petty would have fared well enough in the Glorious Revolution of 1688.

Sir William Petty’s Work in the Worth Library

The question of why Edward Worth chose to invest in so many of Petty’s works for his collection begs to be answered. It is of equal interest to wonder why Worth chose to focus on Petty’s work in the field of economics, rather than his maps and surveys created during the Cromwellian era. There are a host of reasons as to why Worth’s inclusion of Petty’s economic treatises in his collection is so compelling. As Worth is something of an enigmatic figure, it is difficult to glean with any real certainty what his motivations may have been in purchasing texts by Petty, but there are various threads one can follow to further understand Worth’s preoccupation with Petty.^[26] First, it is helpful to understand the works themselves to contextualize their inclusion in the Edward Worth Library.

A Treatise of Taxes & Contributions (London, 1662)

Sir William Petty, A Treatise of Taxes & Contributions … (London, 1662), title page.

Written and published in 1662, A Treatise of Taxes & Contributions is Petty’s preeminent economic treatise, published as a contribution to the discussions over raising and spending government revenue in the aftermath of the Restoration of the English monarchy in 1660. In the text, Petty examines the role of the state in its economy, as well as the value of labour. Petty considers the difficulties that come with taxing an unwilling population, and stresses the fact that the general public lacked awareness of the necessity of taxation in improving a state’s infrastructure.^[27] According to Petty, any taxation project would be rendered ineffective without those in the state having a good sense of output, population, and wealth distribution in the nation.^[28] Far ahead of his time, Petty acknowledged the unequal distribution of wealth in the state, and even advocated for the introduction of an early iteration of the tax bracket system, in which members of the state would be taxed on a sliding scale according to personal wealth and income.^[29]

Further Observation Upon the Dublin-Bills: or, Accompts of the Houses, Hearths, Baptisms, and Burials in that City (London, 1686)

Sir William Petty, Further Observation Upon the Dublin-Bills: Or, Accompts of the Houses, Hearths, Baptisms in that City (London, 1686). Title page of the second edition, in which Petty is recognized for his membership of the Royal Society.

True to his surveillance roots, Petty revisits Dublin almost 30 years after completing his Down Survey to record demographic developments within the city. As stated in the title, in this work Petty analyzes the number of parishes, as well as the number of those baptized and buried affiliated with said parish, as well as the number of houses and hearths associated with the parish. He analyzes the changes the city had undergone in the decade between 1671 and 1682, attempting to explicate these progressions.^[30] Petty acknowledges the limits to his research, which were exacerbated by domestic religious tensions: ‘The scope of this whole Paper therefore is, That the People of Dublin are rather 58,000, than 32,000; and that the Dissenters, who do not Register their Baptisms, have encreased from 391 to 974: but of the Dissenters, none have increased but the Roman Catholicks, whose Numbers have encreased 2 to 5 in the said Years. The exacter Knowledge whereof, may also be better had from direct Enquiries’.^[31]

Petty’s Friendship with John Graunt

John Graunt, Natural and Political Observations Mentioned in a following INDEX, and made upon the Bills of Mortality … (London, 1676), title page.

Much of the literature regarding Petty pays special attention to his friendship with pioneer biostatistician John Graunt (1620-74), a man often regarded as the father of demography.^[32] While the exact origins of their friendship are unknown, it can be presumed that Graunt and Petty bonded over similarly humble beginnings, as well as their profound intellectual interests which had yet to be defined.^[33] The first known instance of friendship between the two men can be found on February 7, 1651, when Graunt procured a Professorship of Music for Petty at Gresham College in London.^[34] The two later reportedly collaborated on Natural and Political Observations Made Upon the Bills of Mortality, which was published in 1662 under Graunt’s name (and can be found in the Edward Worth Library). The document is notably similar to Petty’s later Further Observation Upon the Dublin-Bills (London, 1686), and its authorship has long been disputed. ‘The fastidious statistical methodology of the Observations reflect the handwork and personality of Graunt, whereas ascertaining the significance of the Observations with their epidemiologic, social and economic implications reflect a man of the world like Petty’.^[35] As the careers of the two men progressed, their understandings of their country and its population notably diverged–while Graunt felt that the high number of beggars and high rates of unemployment indicated that the state was struggling to support its population as it was, Petty publicly disagreed, and devoted much of his work to strategizing the repopulation of England.

The Political Anatomy of Ireland (London, 1691)

Sir William Petty, The Political Anatomy of Ireland (London, 1691), title page featuring the addition of Petty’s essay Verbum Sapienti. The title page draws attention to Petty’s role as both a Fellow of the Royal Societty and his position as Surveyor-General in Ireland.

This work, authored by Petty in 1672, takes heavy inspiration from his experience in philosophical circles, as well as his experience as a physician: ‘Sir Francis Bacon, in his Advancement of Learning, hath made a judicious Parallel in many particulars, between The Body Natural and Body Politick … Now, because Anatomy is not only necessary in Physicians, but laudable in every Philosophical person whatsoever, I have therefore, for my curiosity, attempted the first Essay of Political Anatomy’.^[36] As he analyzes the ‘anatomy’ of the Irish state, he considers the contributions made by its various institutions, while noting that the possibility of an improvement to the Irish infrastructure is dependent on its population: ‘Improvement of Ireland in a few Years, may in some measure determine how much any Nation may be advanced in Riches and Reputation by following some such rules as are laid down’.^[37] Petty considers both the native population and the English settlers in his diagnosis, imploring the indigenous Irish to be as industrious as their English neighbours.

Political Arithmetick (London, 1691)

Sir William Petty, Political Arithmetick (London, 1691), title page.

Rather than being focused on Ireland, this work by Petty analyzes the English economy by paying particular attention to the growth of the city of London, comparing it to that of the Netherlands and France, the nation’s contemporaneous enemies. Petty, a ‘scientist by education and a government economic adviser by career choice’, explicitly attempted to apply Baconian methodologies to show that despite its hardships, England was still on par with its foes ‘economically and militarily’.^[38] Petty challenges general consensus that the country was in a state of disrepair by praising his country’s proliferated wealth, which managed to multiply even in periods of political unrest, as well as its imperial success and its unmatched navy.^[39] This title is explored further in the May 2025 Book of the Month.

Quantulumcunque concerning Money (London, 1695)

Sir William Petty, Sir William Petty’s Quantulumcunque concerning Money (London, 1695), p. 1.

In this addition to Petty’s economic catalogue, he anticipates questions the English population may have regarding the changing values of their currency. Quantulumcunque, a Latin phrase meaning ‘however small, how little soever’, likely refers to commonly-held anxieties surrounding personal wealth in the kingdom–many of the hypothetical questions Petty poses in the text focus on what people might do with the money they already have once new coinage is introduced.^[40]

Worth’s Interest in Petty

Though Worth’s careers as both a physician and a book collector are well-documented, shockingly little is known about his personal life. Worth’s mysterious persona can make it difficult to understand why he may have been interested in many of the works in his collection. At first glance, Worth’s interest in Petty seems obvious; it makes perfect sense that the collector would admire Petty given their similar medical backgrounds. However, this argument is challenged when one considers the works themselves: Worth exclusively owned Petty’s investigations into the economy, rather than any works focused on medicine. Petty was best known for his Down Survey, which Worth also did not possess, leading one to presume that Worth was not interested in Petty at a surface level, but rather that he had a genuine interest in Petty as a writer and thinker, and possessed a desire to learn more about Petty’s political and economic theories.

As previously mentioned, it is possible that Worth became familiar with Petty through the influence of his family. A small portion of Worth’s collection was inherited from his grandfather, Church of Ireland Bishop of Killaloe, also named Edward Worth (1620-69), and his father John Worth, Dean of St Patrick’s Cathedral, Dublin. John Worth was almost certainly acquainted with Petty during his own lifetime through the Dublin Philosophical Society, of which they were both members.^[41] However, John Worth’s death predated the publication of many of Petty’s works within the collection.^[42] Once more, it seems unclear why Edward Worth would be interested in Petty.

At last, Worth’s motivation to read Petty was finally revealed: from 1715 to 1727, Worth was a Member of Parliament for the constituency of New Ross, County Wexford in the Irish House of Commons, and though he wasn’t wildly involved in politics, he worked on various committees during his tenure, including multiple committees to discuss Irish monetary policy.^[43] Suddenly, it makes perfect sense that Worth might wish to consult Petty, whose extensive writing on political economy could have aided Worth’s parliamentary investigations. Their inclusion in the Worth Library is illuminating, providing key insight into the character of Worth. By further examining Petty’s life and works, we have in turn been introduced to an entirely new facet of Worth.

Text: Ms Maeve Killion, Third Year Student, English Literature and History, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Sources

Banta, James E., ‘Sir William Petty: Modern Epidemiologist (1623-1687)’, Journal of Community Health, 12, nos 2-3 (Summer-Fall, 1987), 185-198.

Barnard, Toby Christopher, ‘Petty, Sir William’, Dictionary of Irish Biography.

Barnard, Toby Christopher, ‘Petty, Sir William (1623–1687)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.

Deane, Phyllis, ‘Political Arithmetic’, in The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics (London, 2008), pp 1-5.

Fitzmaurice, Edmond, The Life of Sir William Petty, 1623-1687 (London, 1895).

Fonseca, Gonçalo L., ‘Sir William Petty, 1623-1687’, The History of Economic Thought.

Fox, Adam, ‘Sir William Petty, Ireland, and the Making of a Political Economist, 1653-1687’, The Economic History Review, 62, no. 2 (May, 2009), 388-404.

Graunt, John, Natural and Political Observations Mentioned in a following INDEX, and made upon the Bills of Mortality … (London, 1665).

Hoppen, K. Theodore, The Common Scientist in the Seventeenth Century: A Study of the Dublin Philosophical Society 1683-1708 (London, 1970).

Hull, Charles H., ‘Graunt or Petty?’, Political Science Quarterly, 11, no. 1 (March, 1896), 105-132.

Hull, Charles H., ‘Petty’s Place in the History of Economic Theory’, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 14, no. 3 (May, 1900), 307-340.

Lepenies, Philipp, ‘William Petty and Political Arithmetic’, in The Power of a Single Number: A Political History of GDP (New York, 2016).

Marx, Karl, Capital: A Critique of Political Economy (Moscow, 1887).

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Numen – The Latin Lexicon, ‘Definition of quantuluscumque’, Numen – The Latin Lexicon.

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Petty, William, Sir, A Treatise of Taxes & Contributions (London, 1662).

Petty, William, Sir, Further Observation Upon the Dublin-Bills: or, Accompts of the Houses, Hearths, Baptisms, and Burials in that City (London, 1686).

Petty, William, Sir, Political Arithmetick, or a Discourse Concerning The Extent and Value of Lands, People, Buildings; Husbandry, Manufacture, Commerce, Fishery, Artizans, Seamen, Soldiers; Publick Revenues, Interest, Taxes, Superlucration, Registries, Banks; Valuation of Men, Increasing of Seamen, of Militias, Harbours, Situation, Shipping, Power at Sea, &c. As the same relates to every Country in general, but more particularly to the Territories of His Majesty of Great Britain, and his Neighbours of Holland, Zealand, and France (London, 1691).

Petty, William, Sir, The Political Anatomy of Ireland. With The Establishment for that Kingdom when the late Duke of Ormond was Lord Lieutenant. Taken from the Records. To which is added Verbum Sapienti; or an Account of the Wealth and Expences of England, and the Method of raising Taxes in the most Equal manner (London, 1691).

Petty, William, Sir, Sir William Petty’s Quantulumcunque concerning Money, 1682. To

the Lord Marquess of Halyfax (London, 1695).

Sivado, Akos, ‘Resurrecting the Body Politic–Physiology’s Influence on Sir William Petty’s Political Arithmetick’, Early Science and Medicine, 22, nos 2-3 (2017), 157-182.

Slack, Paul, ‘William Petty, the Multiplication of Mankind, and Demographic Discourse in Seventeeth-Century England’, The Historical Journal, 61, no. 2 (June, 2018), 301-325.

Smyth, William J., Map-making, Landscapes, and Memory: A Geography of Colonial

and Early Modern Ireland c. 1530-1750 (Cork, 2006).

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^[1] Hoppen, K. Theodore, The Common Scientist in the Seventeenth Century: A Study of the Dublin Philosophical Society 1683-1708 (London, 1970), p. 5.

^[2] Barnard, Toby Christopher, ‘Petty, Sir William (1623-1687)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; Fonseca, Gonçalo L., ‘Sir William Petty, 1623-1687’, The History of Economic Thought.

^[3] Fitzmaurice, Edmond, The Life of Sir William Petty (London, 1895), p. 6.

^[4] Hoppen, The Common Scientist in the Seventeenth Century, p. 26.

^[5] Fitzmaurice, The Life of Sir William Petty, p. 17.

^[6] Ibid., p. 15.

^[7] Fonseca, ‘Sir William Petty, 1623-1687’, The History of Economic Thought.

^[8] Fitzmaurice, The Life of Sir William Petty, pp 15-16.

^[9] Ibid., p. 16.

^[10] Ibid., p. 18.

^[11] Lepenies, Philipp, ‘William Petty and Political Arithmetic’, in The Power of a Single Number: A Political History of GDP (New York, 2016), p. 11.

^[12] Sivado, Akos, ‘Resurrecting the Body Politic–Physiology’s Influence on Sir William Petty’s Political Arithmetick’, Early Science and Medicine, 22, nos 2-3 (2017), 158.

^[13] Ibid., 167-168.

^[14] Hoppen, The Common Scientist in the Seventeenth Century, p. 26.

^[15] Fitzmaurice, The Life of Sir William Petty, p. 41; The Down Survey of Ireland Project, ‘The Down Survey of Ireland–Home’, The Down Survey of Ireland: Mapping a Century of Change.

^[16] Smyth, William J., Map-making, Landscapes, and Memory: A Geography of Colonial and Early Modern Ireland c. 1530-1750 (Cork, 2006), p. 21.

^[17] Hoppen, The Common Scientist in the Seventeenth Century, p. 27.

^[18] Ibid.

^[19] Ibid.

^[20] Ibid.

^[21] Ibid., p. 49.

^[22] Fox, Adam, ‘Sir William Petty, Ireland, and the Making of a Political Economist, 1653-1687’, The Economic History Review, 62 no. 2 (May, 2009), 394.

^[23] Hull, Charles H., ‘Petty’s Place in the History of Economic Theory’, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 14, no. 3 (May, 1900), 310.

^[24] Marx, Karl, Capital: A Critique of Political Economy (Moscow, 1887), p. 182.

^[25] Banta, James E., ‘Sir William Petty: Modern Epidemiologist (1623-1687)’, Journal of Community Health, 12, nos 2-3, (Summer-Fall, 1987), 185.

^[26] McCormack, W. J., ‘The Enigma of Worth: A Preliminary Essay’, Edward Worth Library (June, 2005).

^[27] Petty, William, Sir, A Treatise of Taxes & Contributions (London, 1662), p. 4.

^[28] Ibid.

^[29] Ibid, p. 17; 15.

^[30] Petty, William, Sir, Further Observation Upon the Dublin-Bills: or, Accompts of the Houses, Hearths, Baptisms, and Burials in that City (London, 1686), p. 2.

^[31] Ibid., p. 6.

^[32] Slack, Paul, ‘William Petty, the Multiplication of Mankind, and Demographic Discourse in Seventeenth-Century England’, The Historical Journal, 61, no. 2, (June, 2018), 311.

^[33] Hull, Charles H., ‘Graunt or Petty?’, Political Science Quarterly, 11, no. 1, (March, 1896), 106.

^[34] Ibid.

^[35] Banta, ‘Sir William Petty: Modern Epidemiologist (1623-1687)’, 194-195.

^[36] Petty, William, Sir, The Political Anatomy of Ireland. With the Establishment for that Kingdom when the late Duke of Ormond was Lord Lieutenant. Taken from the Records. To which is added Verbum Sapienti; or an Account of the Wealth and Expences of England, and the Method of raising Taxes in the most Equal manner (London, 1691), p. 1.

^[37] Ibid., p. iii.

^[38] Deane, Phyllis, ‘Political Arithmetic’, in The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics (London, 2008), p. 1; Lepenies, ‘William Petty and Political Arithmetic’, pp 16-17.

^[39] Petty, William, Sir, Political Arithmetick, or a Discourse Concerning The Extent and Value of Lands, People, Buildings; Husbandry, Manufacture, Commerce, Fishery, Artizans, Seamen, Soldiers; Publick Revenues, Interest, Taxes, Superlucration, Registries, Banks; Valuation of Men, Increasing of Seamen, of Militias, Harbours, Situation, Shipping, Power at Sea, &c. As the same relates to every Country in general, but more particularly to the Territories of His Majesty of Great Britain, and his Neighbours of Holland, Zealand, and France (London, 1691), p. 2.

^[40] Numen – The Latin Lexicon, ‘Definition of quantuluscunque’, Numen – The Latin Lexicon.Numen.

^[41] Hoppen, The Common Scientist in the Seventeenth Century, p. 49.

^[42] McCormack, ‘The Enigma of Worth’.

^[43] Ireland. Parliament. House of Commons, The Journals of the House of Commons, of the Kingdom of Ireland, From the Second to the Tenth Year of King George the First, viz. From 1715 to 1723, 4 (Dublin, 1763), p. 310.